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Francis turbine is a kind of turbine suit to water head 20-300meters and with certain suitable flow.
It could be divided into vertical and horizontal arrangement. Francis turbine have the advantage of high efficiency, small size and reliable structure.
Horizontal Francis turbine unit, with horizontal shaft, could be 2 or three supports. Which is normally one stair arrangement. Simple structure, easier operation and maintainence.
Vertical Francis turbine unit, with vertical shaft, metal spiral case or concrete spiral case. With adjustable guide vane, and stay ring etc parts, are suit to runner diameter bigger than 1000mm. Our engineer will select the most suitable Francis turbine for your hydro power project.
Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30m/98 ft) and medium (30-300m/98984 ft) head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades.
Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the turbine's curved blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.
Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.
Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are often used in very high (>300m/984 ft) head applications.
| type | water head | install capacity |
| Francis turbine | 20-300M | 50KW-20MW |
| Pelton turbine | 80-1000M | 50KW-20MW |
| kaplant turbine | 3-45M | 50KW-10MW |
| Turgo turbine | 30-400M | 50KW-10MW |
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